WASHINGTON —

The Soviet Union showed that one-upmanship still existed among the superpowers’ space programs into the 1980s. After NASA accepted its first group of women astronauts in January 1978, the U.S.S.R. accepted a new round of female cosmonauts in 1980, nearly 20 years after they sent the first (and at that time only) woman, Valentina Tereshkova, into space.

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